Lompat ke isi

Konsep:Al-Aqraʿ b. Ḥābis

Tambah pranala
Dari wikishia

Templat:Infobox Sahaba Al-Aqraʿ b. Ḥābis (Arabic: اَقْرَع‌ِ بْن‌ِ حابِس‌) was a companion of the Prophet (s) and a prominent Arab figure whose bravery in the Jahiliyya period has been mentioned in sources. He accompanied the Prophet (s) in the Conquest of Mecca and the Battle of Hunayn. Al-Aqra' was among the tribal leaders who rebelled and refused to pay Zakat to Abu Bakr. There is significant disagreement in sources regarding the time and place of his death.

Name and Lineage

He was from the Banu Mujashi' clan of the Banu Tamim tribe.[1] It is said that his name was Firas and Al-Aqra' (= bald) was his nickname,[2] but according to some other reports, Firas was his brother's name.[3] In other reports, his brother's name is given as Marthad.[4] Perhaps one reason for the confusion between him and his brother is that both were called Al-Aqra' (= Al-Aqra'an).[5] Tusi has given his Kunya as Abu Bahr.[6]

Al-Aqra's Background in Jahiliyya and Accompanying the Prophet (s)

Al-Aqra' bin Habis is known in Arab epic narratives (*Ayyam al-'Arab*) as a prominent figure of the Banu Tamim tribe. In "Yawm Zubala," he and the Tamimis attacked the Banu Bakr bin Wa'il, and in this battle, he was captured by the Banu Taym Allah tribe and later released.[7] Al-Farazdaq, a poet from his clan, boasted of Al-Aqra's bravery in pre-Islamic tribal conflicts in his poetic responses to Jarir.[8] It is also said that he was the commander of Banu Hanzala[9] in "Yawm al-Kulab," although there is a possibility of confusion with his grandfather Sufyan bin Mujashi'.[10]

From his pre-Islamic life, it is reported that Al-Aqra' was one of the judges of the Ukaz market and was the first person to forbid people from gambling,[11] and he was also among the Tamimis who were Magians in the pre-Islamic period.[12]

After the advent of Islam, in 8 AH/629 CE, when the Prophet Muhammad (s) was on his way to the Conquest of Mecca, Al-Aqra' joined him and entered Mecca with him.[13] He was also with the Prophet (s) in the Battle of Hunayn,[14] and after the war ended, the Prophet (s) gave Al-Aqra' bin Habis a share among the "Mu'allafa Qulubuhum" (those whose hearts are to be reconciled).[15]

Al-Aqra's Conversion to Islam

At the beginning of Year 9 AH, a group of Banu Tamim refused to pay taxes, and the Prophet (s) sent people to confront them, leading to the capture of some. Al-Aqra' bin Habis came to the Prophet (s) for the release of the captives, but his inappropriate behavior and that of his companions caused the revelation of Verses 2 to 5 of Sura al-Hujurat. In this meeting, Banu Tamim engaged in tribal boasting, which was met with a response from the Muslims, and Al-Aqra' admitted the superiority of the Muslims[16] and according to a narration, converted to Islam at that time.[17]

Refusal to Pay Zakat to Abu Bakr

In 11 AH/632 CE, the Prophet (s) appointed Al-Aqra' to collect Zakat from the Banu Hanzala tribes.[18] After the demise of the Prophet (s), Al-Aqra' became one of the leaders of the rebellious tribes and refused to pay Zakat to Abu Bakr.[19] Some narratives say he first came to Abu Bakr and asked for a larger share of the property, but the Caliph refused.[20] Tabari reports that Al-Aqra' demanded the kharaj (land tax) of Bahrain but was unsuccessful.[21] However, he participated in the wars of Abu Bakr's caliphate, especially Yamama and Hira, alongside Khalid bin Walid,[22] and was the vanguard of the army in the expedition to Hira,[23] and was also present with Shurahbil bin Sa'd's army in Dumat al-Jandal.[24]

Participation in Conquests

It is said that Al-Aqra' bin Habis accompanied Ahnaf bin Qays in conquests such as the conquest of Khorasan and was sent by him to conquer Jowzjan.[25] Some reports also mention his governorship over Jowzjan.[26] Other narratives place him at the head of an army to Khorasan sent by Abdullah bin Amir,[27] but this army failed.[28]

Death

Historical reports regarding Al-Aqra' bin Habis are confused and contradictory. Baladhuri confirmed the conquest of Jowzjan under his command,[29] but this conflicts with the issue of his death, as the conquest of Khorasan happened during Uthman's time,[30] and Dhahabi did not trust his participation in this conquest and mentioned his death during Umar's period.[31] Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani narrates that Al-Aqra' and his 10 sons were killed in Yarmouk,[32] but Baladhuri says Al-Aqra' and his brother Marthad had descendants in Khorasan.[33]

Narrations of Al-Aqra'

Narrations from the Prophet (s) have been transmitted through Al-Aqra' bin Habis, and individuals such as Abu Hurayra and Abu Salama bin Abd al-Rahman have narrated from him.[34]

Based on a narration by Fattal Nishaburi in *Rawdat al-Wa'izin* and *Basirat al-Mutta'izin*, the Prophet (s) kissed Imam Hasan (a). Al-Aqra' bin Habis said: "I have ten sons and I have never kissed any of them." The Prophet (s) said: "Man lā yarḥam lā yurḥam" (He who does not show mercy will not be shown mercy).[35]

Catatan Kaki

  1. ↑ Kalbī, *Jamharat al-Nasab*, 1407 AH, pp. 201-202.
  2. ↑ Balādhurī, *Ansāb al-Ashrāf*, vol. 2, p. 431; Ibn Durayd, *Al-Ishtiqāq*, 1378 AH, p. 239.
  3. ↑ Ibn Hishām, *Al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya*, 1355 AH, vol. 4, p. 270.
  4. ↑ Balādhurī, *Ansāb al-Ashrāf*, vol. 2, p. 431.
  5. ↑ Abū ʿUbayda, *Ayyām al-ʿArab*, 1407 AH, vol. 1, p. 556; Mubarrad, *Al-Kāmil*, 1406 AH, vol. 1, p. 293.
  6. ↑ Shaykh Ṭūsī, *Al-Abwāb (Rijāl al-Ṭūsī)*, 1373 Sh, p. 26.
  7. ↑ Abū ʿUbayda, *Ayyām al-ʿArab*, 1407 AH, vol. 1, p. 556; Ibn Rashīq, *Al-ʿUmda*, 1972, vol. 2, p. 205.
  8. ↑ Abū ʿUbayda, *Ayyām al-ʿArab*, 1407 AH, vol. 1, p. 556; vol. 2, p. 697.
  9. ↑ Ibn Ḥabīb, *Al-Muḥabbar*, 1361 AH, p. 247.
  10. ↑ Abū ʿUbayda, *Ayyām al-ʿArab*, 1407 AH, vol. 1, pp. 51-52.
  11. ↑ Abū ʿUbayda, *Al-Naqāʾiḍ*, 1419 AH, vol. 2, p. 700; Jāḥiẓ, *Al-Burṣān wa l-ʿUrjān*, 1407 AH, p. 119.
  12. ↑ Ibn Qutayba, *Al-Maʿārif*, 1388 AH, p. 621.
  13. ↑ Wāqidī, *Al-Maghāzī*, 1966, vol. 2, pp. 803-804.
  14. ↑ Ibn Hishām, *Al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya*, 1355 AH, vol. 4, p. 270.
  15. ↑ Wāqidī, *Al-Maghāzī*, 1966, vol. 3, p. 946.
  16. ↑ Wāqidī, *Al-Maghāzī*, 1966, vol. 3, p. 975; Ibn Hishām, *Al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya*, 1355 AH, vol. 4, p. 212; Ibn Saʿd, *Al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā*, 1410 AH, vol. 2, pp. 160-161.
  17. ↑ Abū Nuʿaym, *Maʿrifat al-Ṣaḥāba*, 1408 AH, vol. 2, p. 412.
  18. ↑ Kalāʿī, *Tārīkh al-Ridda*, Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, p. 10, quoting Ibn Isḥāq.
  19. ↑ Kalāʿī, *Tārīkh al-Ridda*, Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, p. 10.
  20. ↑ Kalāʿī, *Tārīkh al-Ridda*, Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, pp. 4-5.
  21. ↑ Ṭabarī, *Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī*, 1387 AH, vol. 3, p. 273; also see: Ibn ʿAsākir, *Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq*, 1415 AH, vol. 3, p. 75.
  22. ↑ Ṭabarī, *Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī*, 1387 AH, vol. 3, p. 275; Ibn ʿAsākir, *Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq*, 1415 AH, vol. 3, p. 75.
  23. ↑ Ṭabarī, *Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī*, 1387 AH, vol. 3, pp. 373, 380.
  24. ↑ Ṭabarī, *Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī*, 1387 AH, vol. 3, p. 275; Ibn ʿAsākir, *Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq*, 1415 AH, vol. 3, p. 69.
  25. ↑ Balādhurī, *Ansāb al-Ashrāf*, vol. 2, p. 432; Ṭabarī, *Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī*, 1387 AH, vol. 4, p. 312.
  26. ↑ Jāḥiẓ, *Al-Burṣān wa l-ʿUrjān*, p. 205.
  27. ↑ Balādhurī, *Ansāb*, vol. 2, p. 432.
  28. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham, *Al-Futūḥ*, Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, vol. 2, p. 340; Dhahabī, *Tārīkh al-Islām*, Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, p. 286; Ibn al-Athīr, *Usd al-Ghāba*, 1280 AH, vol. 1, pp. 109-110.
  29. ↑ Ibn al-Athīr, *Usd al-Ghāba*, vol. 1, pp. 109-110.
  30. ↑ Ibn Aʿtham, *Futūḥ*, Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, p. 403 onwards.
  31. ↑ Dhahabī, *Tārīkh al-Islām*, Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, pp. 285-286; Suyūṭī, *Tārīkh al-Khulafāʾ*, 1953, p. 147.
  32. ↑ ʿAsqalānī, *Al-Iṣāba*, 1415 AH, vol. 1, p. 59.
  33. ↑ Balādhurī, *Ansāb al-Ashrāf*, vol. 2, p. 432.
  34. ↑ Abū Nuʿaym, *Maʿrifat al-Ṣaḥāba*, 1408 AH, vol. 2, p. 408.
  35. ↑ Fattāl Nīshābūrī, *Rawḍat al-Wāʿiẓīn*, 1375 Sh, vol. 2, p. 369.

Daftar Pustaka

  • Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī, Aḥmad. *Maʿrifat al-Ṣaḥāba*. Edited by Muḥammad Rāḍī ibn Ḥājj ʿUthmān. Medina, 1408 AH.
  • Abū ʿUbayda, Maʿmar b. Muthannā. *Al-Naqāʾiḍ: Naqāʾiḍ Jarīr wa al-Farazdaq*. Edited by Khalīl Manṣūr. Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1419 AH.
  • Abū ʿUbayda, Maʿmar b. Muthannā. *Ayyām al-ʿArab*. Edited by ʿĀdil Jāsim Bayātī. Beirut, 1407 AH.
  • ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-. *Al-Iṣāba fī Tamyīz al-Ṣaḥāba*. Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1415 AH.
  • Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā. *Ansāb al-Ashrāf*. Manuscript, ʿĀshir Efendi Library, Istanbul, No. 598.
  • Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. *Tārīkh al-Islām (ʿAhd al-Khulafāʾ al-Rāshidīn)*. Edited by ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām Tadmurī. Beirut, Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, n.d.
  • Fattāl Nīshābūrī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. *Rawḍat al-Wāʿiẓīn wa Baṣīrat al-Muttaʿiẓīn*. Qom, Raḍī, 1375 Sh.
  • Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Aḥmad. *Al-Futūḥ*. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut, Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, n.d.
  • Ibn Durayd, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. *Al-Ishtiqāq*. Edited by ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. Cairo, 1378 AH.
  • Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. *Al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya*. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqqā et al. Cairo, 1355 AH.
  • Ibn H.abīb, Muḥammad. *Al-Muḥabbar*. Edited by Lichtenstädter. Hyderabad Deccan, 1361 AH.
  • Ibn Qutayba, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim. *Al-Maʿārif*. Edited by Tharwat ʿUkāsha. Cairo, 1388 AH.
  • Ibn Rashīq, al-Ḥasan. *Al-ʿUmda*. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut, 1972.
  • Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. *Al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā*. Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1410 AH.
  • Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan. *Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq*. Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.
  • Jāḥiẓ, ʿAmr b. Baḥr. *Al-Burṣān wa l-ʿUrjān*. Edited by Muḥammad Mūsā Khūlī. Beirut, 1407 AH.
  • Kalāʿī, Sulaymān b. Mūsā. *Tārīkh al-Ridda*. Edited by Khurshīd Aḥmad Fāriq. Cairo, Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī.
  • Kalbī, Hishām b. Muḥammad. *Jamharat al-Nasab*. Edited by Nājī Ḥasan. Beirut, 1407 AH.
  • Mubarrad, Muḥammad b. Yazīd. *Al-Kāmil*. Edited by Muḥammad Aḥmad Dālī. Beirut, 1406 AH.
  • Shaykh Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. *Al-Abwāb (Rijāl al-Ṭūsī)*. Edited by Jawād Qayyūmī Iṣfahānī. Qom, Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 3rd ed, 1373 Sh.
  • Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn al-. *Tārīkh al-Khulafāʾ*. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Cairo, 1953.
  • Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. *Tārīkh al-Umam wa l-Mulūk*. Beirut, Dār al-Turāth, 2nd ed, 1387 AH.
  • Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar. *Al-Maghāzī*. Edited by Marsden Jones. London, 1966.
Diperoleh dari "https://id.wikishia.net/w/index.php?title=Konsep:Al-Aqraʿ_b._Ḥābis&oldid=104566"